Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran;Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science,
2 Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
Today, we know that male factor is the only cause
of infertility in 20% of infertile couples, but it may
be a contributing factor in as many as 30-40% of
cases (
In obstructive azoospermic patients, sperm is obtained by microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) or percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). In non-obstructive azoospermia, sperm is obtained from the testis. Open microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (TESE) yields the greatest number of sperm (
Various factors may affect the outcome of ICSI in azoospermic patients. These include parameters related to the male partner, such as age, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level and testicular histology that may reflect upon the quality of the surgically retrieved sperm cells. The injected sperm quality and viability may be related to the cause of azoospermia (obstructive or non-obstructive), the location of sperm origin (epididymis or testis), that shows the developmental stage of the sperm cell (
A meta analysis found no difference in the rate of fertilization, implantation or ongoing pregnancy between epididymal and testicular sperm for patients with the same diagnosis (
Yet, the difference between quality of ejaculated sperm and surgically retrieved sperm (epididymal or testicular) is debatable. There are few published articles comparing the outcomes of ICSI between epididymal or testicular retrieved sperm and ejaculated sperm. Some reports are available which show no difference (
This prospective cohort study consisted of 628 ICSI cycles which were performed from April 2004 to March 2006 in Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility of Royan Institute, Iran. Approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board. Signed consent forms were obtained from all patients before enrolling in the study.
In this study, all female were healthy and between the ages of 20-35. Only male factor infertility cycles were studied. The patients had a comprehensive history taken followed by physical examination, including inguinoscrotal examination. Testicular volume was determined by a Prader orchidometer and the status of the epididymis and presence or absence of vas deferens was reported. A hormonal assay [luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH and thyroid function tests] and two semen analyses within a two month interval were performed. All men with total sperm counts less than 10 million/ml were placed into group I (oligozoospermia, 314 patients); whereas, azoospermic patients were sub-grouped into two groups, according to their FSH level, testicular volume and PESA sampling. PESA was performed using a 23-gauge butterfly needle attached to a 20 ml plastic syringe which served as an aspiration device. If the results were normal (FSH>7.6 IU/ml), the patients were placed into group II (obstructive azoospermia, 180 patients) and if the results were abnormal, they were placed into group III (non-obstructive azoospermia 134 patients).
Ovulation induction was performed using routine long protocol of GnRH agonist suppression with buserelin (Superfact: Aventis Pharma Deutshlan, Frankfurt, Germany), which was subcutaneously applied in the amount of 0.5mg, started on day 21 of the previous cycle followed by stimulation with daily doses of 150-300 IU of human menopausal gonadotrophin (Menopur or HP-HMG, Ferring Co, Germany). Human chorionic gonadotrophin 10000 U (hCG; Choriomon; IBSA) was used when two or more ovarian follicles presented with a mean diameter of 18mm. Ultrasound guided transvaginal follicular aspiration was performed under general anaesthesia 34-36 hours after the hCG administration. The total number of oocytes retrieved in a cycle was 10 or more. Mechanical oocyte denudation was applied to remove all the surrounding cumulus and corona cells; afterword, nuclear maturation assessment was performed using an inverted microscope to allow injection only in metaphase II oocytes.
In group I, sperm was obtained by ejaculation after 48-72 hours of sexual abstinence, and the sample was kept at 37 ˚C for 30 minutes or until complete liquefaction. After washing and centrifugation, ICSI was performed on sperm retrieved from the epididymis or testis of groups II and III under intravenous anaesthesia (per the protocol) in association with spermatic cord blockage with 2% xylocaine in the operating room. For PESA, a 13.5 gauge needle connected to a 1 ml syringe was used and in group III, a microsurgical guided open biopsy was performed. After sperm preparation, microinjection was performed. The injected oocytes were transferred to closed culture system and incubated for 16-18 hours at 37 ˚C and 5.5% CO2 until fertilization was detected. Embryo transfer was performed on day 3 of ovum retrieval. The number of embryos transferred was 2 to 3 per cycle.
Fertilization, cleavage, implantation, clinical pregnancy and early abortion rates were the main outcomes evaluated. Fertilization was considered normal when 16-18 hours after injection two pronuclei (2 PN) were observed. Embryo transfer was performed 72 hours after ICSI. Luteal support included daily intramuscular injections of progesterone (100 mg). Serum βhCG was checked two weeks later. If it was positive, luteal support continued until 12 weeks. Two weeks after testing positive, vaginal ultrasound was done to assess pregnancy. Clinical pregnancy, including sonographic demonstration of gestational sac was determined. Outcomes were compared between the three groups.
Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical data were expressed as number and percentage, and numerical data as means ± SD. When a quantitative analysis of the data was performed, groups were compared by analysis of variance using post hoc analysis. Chi-square test was applied in the qualitative analysis of the data. The chi-square test was used to compare pregnancy and early abortion rates. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05.
A total of 628 patients were included in the study.
Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the number of oocytes retrieved between oligozoospermic versus OA patients (p≤0.001). Also, Post Hoc (Tukey) test showed meaningful differences between oligozoospermic versus OA patients as well as NOA versus OA patients in the number of embryos transferred per cycle (p<0.05) (
Patients’ characteristics in three study groups
Oligozoospermic | Obstructive azoospermic | Non-obstructive azoospermic | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n=314) | (n=180) | (n=134) | ||
34.4 ± 5.5 | 34.64 ± 6.7 | 33.75 ± 5 | 0.363 | |
29.03 ± 4.5 | 28.29 ± 4.9 | 28.49 ± 4.5 | 0.197 | |
6.64 ± 5 | 6.4 ± 4.5 | 5.30 ± 4.6 | 0.01* | |
* Significant difference between oligozoospermic vs.
NOA patients.
ANOVA test showed meaningful differences in the mean number of grades B and C embryos between the oligozoosperm group and the two other groups (p≤0.001), but there were not significant differences in the mean number of grades A and D embryos between the three groups (
The chi-square test demonstrated that there were significant differences in fertilization rates between the three groups, which these differences were between oligozoospermic versus NOA patients and NOA versus OA patients (p≤0.004) (
Cleavage, implantation, and pregnancy rates also showed indicative differences among the three groups (
We used Backward Binary logistic regression for adjusting the effect of potential confounders only infertility duration (OR=1, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.003-1.077, p=0.048) and sperm origin (Oligo, OA, NOA) (OR= 1.2, 95% CI=0.992-1.511, p=0.05) had effect on pregnancy rate.
Comparison of ICSI cycles outcomes in three study groups
Oligozoospermic | Obstructive azoospermic | Non-obstructive azoospermic | P value¤ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n=314) | (n=180) | (n=134) | |||
6.4 ± 4.3 | 8 ± 4.4 | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 0.001* | ||
2.7 ± 1.3 | 3 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 0.03* | ||
A | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 0.14 a | |
0.77 ± 1.04 | 1.13 ± 1.18 | 0.76 ± 0.81 | 0.000 b* | ||
0.18 ± 0.44 | 0.38 ± 0.87 | 0.33 ± 0.72 | 0.03 c* | ||
0.03 ± 0.15 | - | 0.03 ± 0.17 | 0.08 d | ||
¤ ANOVA test with Post Hoc (Tukey test). * Sgnificant difference.
a Oligozoosperm vs. OA (p =0.14), Oligozoosperm vs. NOA (p =0.99), OA vs. NOA patients (p=0.3).
b Oligozoosperm vs. OA (p =0.01*), Oligozoosperm vs. NOA (p =0.99), OA vs. NOA patients (p=0.005*). c Oligozoosperm vs. OA(p =0.004*), Oligozoosperm vs. NOA (p =0.07), OA vs. NOA patients (p=0.7). d Oligozoosperm vs. OA (p =0.08), Oligozoosperm vs. NOA (p =0.67), OA vs. NOA patients (p=0.03).
Comparison of ICSI cycles results in three study groups
Oligozoospermic | Obstructive azoospermic | Non-obstructive azoospermic | P value¤ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n=314) | (n=180) | (n=134) | ||
66.6% | 61.4% | 51.8% | 0.004* | |
55.1% | 47.7% | 45.5% | 0.01* | |
19.5% | 17.6% | 6.4% | 0.001* | |
37.6% | 28.9% | 13.4% | 0.001* | |
10.7% | 9.7% | 8% | 0.776 | |
¤ Chi-square test.
* Significant difference.
The results of this study showed that there were significant differences in the fertilization, cleavage, implantation and pregnancy rates following ICSI using surgically retrieved sperm (PESA for obstructive azoospermia; TESE for non-obstructive) and ejaculated sperm, but early abortion rates were not different between the three groups. The highest rate of ICSI outcomes was observed in the wives of oligozoospermic husbands.
Other researchers have reported the same outcomes as our study (
In the present study, highest fertilization and cleavage rates were noted in the oligozoospermic group, but the number of occytes retrieved was the lowest in this group. Also, the numbers of embryos transferred per cycle weren’t homogenous between the three groups; the obstructive azoospermic group with the highest number of embryos transferred per cycle had the lowest implantation and pregnancy rates. Since all women in our study were under 35 years of age and the highest quality embryos were transferred one possible explanation for these findings could be perhaps that sperm quality has greater importance than both the number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred per cycle in predicting ICSI outcomes.
The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between the three groups in early abortion rate. Other researchers have reported that the use of testicular sperm leads to a higher spontaneous miscarriage rate (
In our study, in cases of obstructive azoospermia, PESA was initially attempted in all patients. Only those in whom no sperm cells were detected in the epididymal sample were further subjected to TESE. Therefore, when we compared outcomes between OA (group II) and NOA (group III), higher ICSI outcomes have been found in the OA group. In contrast to earlier studies (
One point of our work was the comparison between three groups of infertile men of which only a few papers have been published (
The present study confirms that patients with oligozoospermia may benefit the most from ICSI. Therefore, this treatment method should be considered as a high-priority technique for the treatment of oligozoospermic patients. In our culture, the use of donor spermatozoa is forbidden; therefore, ICSI for the treatment of severe male-factor infertility is especially important. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in combination with PESA and TESE is an effective method and can successfully be performed to treat men with azoospermia, but the outcomes with these procedures are not comparable to ICSI using ejaculated sperm. ICSI cycles, which use spermatozoa from non-obstructive azoospermic patients, have a lower chance for success. If there was failure to achieve pregnancy after 1-2 cycles then sperm or embryo donation would be a better solution.