Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Keywords
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common clinical complication that is encountered by obstetricians and their patients. Totally, 3% to 7% of pregnant women suffer from this complication (
In the search for an alternative, selective approach to this controversial screening method, the impact of different clinical risk factors of age, maternal obesity, ethnicity, and family history of diabetes have been considered in the prediction of abnormal GCT. The aim of this study is to determine whether maternal age, gravidity, BMI before pregnancy, or excessive weight gain during pregnancy are predictive of abnormal GCT results in Iran.
This prospective study was conducted during 2009-2010. On the basis of consecutive recruitment, 711 pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy who referred to two university prenatal clinics in Rey, Iran and met the study inclusion criteria were selected. Our inclusion criteria were: i. maternal age between 18-35 years; ii. first trimester pregnancy; iii. no diabetes mellitus, other endocrine or metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal or any chronic diseases; iv. single pregnancies; v. no fetal anomalies; and vi.non-smokers.
Patients were enrolled after signing an informed consent. Initial data that included age, parity, gestational age, weight before pregnancy, and family history of diabetes were recorded. The women were observed once every other week until 24-28 weeks gestation. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm with the subjects standing erect and without shoes. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with each subject wearing indoor clothing.
Gestational age was calculated based on menstrual period and confirmed by an ultrasonographic examination performed before 20 weeks of gestation. We apply universal screening for GDM for all our patients, thus all patients at 24-28 weeks of gestation are screened with a GCT (50 g oral glucose)value ≥140 mg/d one hour after the glucose load is considered abnormal and is followed by a 3-hour, 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. Abnormal GCT is determined based on the National Diabetes Data Group Criteria (
Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the student’s t test, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis (forward method). P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All confident intervals were calculated at the 95 percent level. SPSS (version 11.5) statistical software was used for data analysis.
The prevalence of abnormal GCT was 14.3% (102/711). The means of maternal age, BMI before pregnancy, parity and weight gain during pregnancy were significantly in pregnant women with abnormal GCT compared to those with normal GCT (
Comparison of parameters between patients with normal and abnormal GCT at 24-28 weeks of gestation
Parameters | Normal GCT (n=609) | AbnormalGCT (n=102) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
24.81 ± 4.37 | 27.81 ± 4.11 | <0.001 | |
0.05 | |||
307 (50.42) | 42 (41.18) | ||
302 (49.58) | 60 (58.82) | ||
24.59 ± 5.87 | 27.01 ± 4.54 | <0.001 | |
6.03 ± 3.03 | 6.80 ± 3.65 | 0.05 | |
*Student t test; **Chi-square test.
The associations of independent variables (maternal age, parity, pregnancy BMI, and weight gain until the time of GCT on) abnormal GCT
Variable | OR | P value |
---|---|---|
1.14 (1.07-1.21) | <0.001 | |
1.09 (1.03-1.15) | 0.004 | |
1.13 (1.04-1.22) | 0.001 | |
No significant association between other independent variables and abnormal GCT.
The prevalence of abnormal GCT in our study is higher than many parts of the world (
Our findings showed that pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly associated with abnormal GCT results. We have also found that weight gain during pregnancy until the time of GCT was significantly higher in the patients with abnormal GCT when compared to women who had normal GCT.
Various aspects of maternal weight gain during pregnancy have been investigated by several authors, and different patterns of maternal weight gain throughout pregnancy have been described (
The impact of maternal weight gain at term on the incidence of GDM is controversial (
The recognized risk factors associated with increased risk for abnormal GCT have been mostly derived from European and American populations (
We have found that the incidence of GDM in an urban Iranian population is high and commonly recognized risk factors such as pre-pregnancy obesity, maternal age, and weight gain during pregnancy are valid for our population.
It is clear that the weight gain has a profound and worrisome impact on the prevalence of GCT in our population. Thus, it seems prudent that further emphasis be placed on advising pregnant women to stay within the suggested weight gain range during pregnancy.