A 35 year-old woman referred to Royan Institute (Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center) for infertility
treatment. She had an eleven-year history of primary infertility with a normal abdominal ultrasound.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) was obtained one month prior to referral in another center (
The HSG finding of an apparent unicorn uterus followed by a normal vaginal ultrasound led us to
perform a three-dimensional vaginal ultrasound before resorting to hysteroscopy. Results of the
three-dimensional vaginal ultrasound revealed a normal uterus (
Accurate characterization of congenital Mullerian anomalies (MDAs) such as an arcuate, unicornuate,
didelphys, bicornuate or septate uterus is challenging. While HSG has been the standard test in the diagnosis
of MDAs, some limitations may favor the use of three-dimensional ultrasound. The most difficult part
of HSG is interpreting the two-dimensional radiographic image into a complex, three-dimensional living
organ (
One of the most useful scan planes obtained on three-dimensional ultrasound is the coronal view of
the uterus. This view is known to be a valuable problem-solving tool that assists in differentiating
between various types of MDAs due to the high level of agreement between three-dimensional
ultrasound and HSG (
Recently, three-dimensional ultrasound has become the sole mandatory step in the initial investigation
of MDAs due to its superiority to other techniques that have been used for the same purpose (