Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive
2 Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
3 Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
5 4Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
Infertility can be a major concern for young couples,
leading to a wide range of other problems including
stress, anxiety, depression, family crisis and
divorce. Infertile couples may spend large amounts
of money and time on protracted infertility treatment,
hoping to achieve the desired cure. In a study
performed by Kamali et al. in 2007, it was found
that out of 2492 infertile cases, registered from
1993 to 2001, 50.5% were related to male infertility
and 11.6% were related to couple infertility (
Based on statistics released by the WHO, the prevalence
of infertility is 10-15%. This means that one
out of six couples suffer from infertility, among
whom 35-40% of cases are related to male infertility
disorders and 20% related to couple factors. From
these findings, it can be concluded that male fertility disorders play a leading role in half of all infertility
cases. In a study performed by Vahidi et al., in 2005
(
Among the known etiologies leading to infertility are occupation and exposure to harmful environmental factors, both of which can be prevented. Preventing damaging occupational effects on the male reproductive system is a high priority for healthcare professionals and can be managed by promoting employee awareness and encouraging appropriate preventive measures when performing hazardous jobs. To this end, a list of hazardous jobs and factors has been provided and some of those jobs and several related ones were studied.
In some previously published studies it has been
reported that exposure to chemical hazards such as
lead and pesticides could result in abortion and a
reduced birth rate (
In a study by Sadighi et al. (
This cross-sectional study was conducted on men who attended an infertility clinic located in Tehran, Iran. The study consisted of questionnaires completed by trained interviewers to provide information about demographics, marital status, type and duration of infertility, occupational history including job title and task, and exposure to occupational physical hazards.
According to participants’ occupations and considering
similar occupational exposures, twelve
occupational categories were derived: Clerical,
Sales, Agriculture, Painting, Services, Construction,
Military, Mechanical, Transportation, Plastic
Work, Metal Work and Electrical. Additionally,
medical examinations by a urologist and semen
analysis tests were performed for each participant.
Semen specimens were assessed according to the
WHO guidelines (1999) for volume, sperm concentration,
progressive and non-progressive motility,
and normal morphology (
A total of 1164 patients were recruited by simple randomization from September 2009 to March 2010. Each subject signed an informed consent document after the goals of the study were fully explained. The Ethical Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences approved the study. For statistical analysis SPSS 16 for Windows was used. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. The relationships between semen parameters, age and body mass index (BMI) were investigated using Spearman non-parametric correlation. Analysis of variance was used to compare semen parameters between occupational groups.
The means and standard errors of age, infertility duration and BMI of the participants were 33.83 ± 0.17 years, 6.23 ± 0.14 years and 26.01 ± 0.12, respectively. The frequencies of primary and secondary infertility were 89.7 and 10.3 percent, respectively. Sperm analysis test results revealed that the means and standard errors of the sperm count, percentages of normal sperm morphology and percentages of sperm with class A and class B motilities were 44.89 ± 0.96 million/ml, 7.36 ± 0.14, 8.6 ± 0.21 and 23.13 ± 0.34, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between age and the mean percentage of sperm with class B motility (r =-0.13, p<0.001), but there were no statistically significant correlations between age and other sperm parameters, or between BMI and sperm parameters, because all participants’ BMIs were at the normal level.
Exposure to occupational physical hazards including heat, vibration, ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation were reported in 42.8% (n=498), 17.6% (n=205), 0.3% (n=4) and 39.1% (n=455) of the participants, respectively. Also, heavy physical exertion and prolonged sitting were reported in 43.7% (n=509) and 62.1% (n=723) of participants, respectively. The four most common occupational categories among participants were Clerical, Sales, Transportation and Construction with frequencies of 30, 13.8, 10.1 and 10 percent respectively, and the least common was Plastic Work with a frequency of 1.7 percent. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean sperm count or sperm morphology between occupational categories.
Percentages of normal sperm morphology and sperm concentration among occupational categories are shown in figures 1 and 2, respectively. Assessment of the differences in the frequency of sperm motility classes between occupational categories revealed a significant difference only in the frequency of sperm with class B motility (p=0.03).
Normal sperm morphology of occupational categories (%)
The highest and lowest mean percentages of sperm with class B motility were seen in the Electronics group (25.94 ± 2.5) and the Transportation group (20.26 ± 1.07), respectively. Figures 3 and 4 respectively show the percentages of sperm motility class A and B among the occupational categories. Details of semen quality parameters among the occupational categories and comparisons between them are shown in table 1.
Sperm concentration of occupational categories (million/ml)
Sperm motility class A of occupational categories (%)
Sperm motility class B of occupational categories (%)
Comparison of semen quality parameters between the occupational categories
Semen quality parameters | Occupational categories | P-Value | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clerical (n=349) | Sales (n=161) | Agriculture (n=55) | Painting (n=33) | Services (n=90) | Construction (n=116) | Military (n=73) | Mechanical (n=37) | Transportation (n=117) | Plastic work (n=20) | Metal work (n=85) | Electrical (n=28) | ||
3.5 (0.09) | 3.2 (0.13) | 3.7 (0.29) | 2.9 (0.26) | 3.4 (0.18) | 3.6 (0.16) | 3.7 (0.19) | 3.6 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.17) | 3.6 (0.43) | 3.5 (0.17) | 4.1 (0.33) | 0.13 | |
45.9 (1.78) | 44.2 (2.32) | 44.6 (4.3) | 43.8 (4.7) | 54.9 (4.43) | 42.6 (3.17) | 40.5 (3.71) | 47.1 (5.84) | 39.4 (2.72) | 51.5 (7.25) | 46.7 (3.4) | 37 (5.27) | 0.11 | |
7.5 (0.25) | 7.4 (0.354) | 6.8 (0.596) | 8.8 (0.825) | 8.4 (0.522) | 6.7 (0.444) | 6.7 (0.502) | 8.1 (0.981) | 6.6 (0.492) | 7.2 (1.315) | 7.9 (0.549) | 6.5 (0.753) | 0.26 | |
8.6 (0.401) | 9.1 (0.536) | 10.1 (1.243) | 8.5 (0.886) | 7.6 (0.668) | 9.9 (0.835) | 8.9 (0.849) | 8.5 (1.11) | 7 (0.562) | 8.9 (1.74) | 8.4 (0.752) | 7.4 (1.19) | 0.23 | |
23.5 (0.61) | 21.1 (0.94) | 23.5 (1.69) | 25.7 (1.95) | 24.7 (1.274) | 22.5 (0.94) | 23.8 (1.43) | 25.2 (1.73) | 20.3 (1.07) | 23.3 (2.85) | 24.8 (1.13) | 25.9 (2.56) | 0.03 | |
Workers can be exposed to a number of harmful physical, chemical and psychological factors in their working environment. During recent years, the various diseases and disorders caused by these stressors have drawn the attention of a number of researchers throughout the world. The effect of certain working hazards on the human reproductive system is one of the areas that have been studied and a number of reports concerning this have been published. In Iran however, a limited number of studies have been conducted on the growing problem of infertility. This study was undertaken with the goal of gaining a broader understanding of the factors in the working environment that can lead to decreased semen quality and related infertility in Iranian men. Understanding what constitutes a hazardous occupation in terms of its effect on fertility can be a major stepping stone to understanding how to deal with each factor and what types of preventive measures need to be taken.
In this study, information was obtained from 1164
men who reported problems with infertility. They
were classified by occupation type including
Clerical, Sales and Transportation, among others.
The results indicate that the infertility rate among
workers in the Transportation industry was highest
in this study. The hazards that may cause this
include being sedentary for long periods of time,
vibration and exposure to heat. The semen analysis
of this group showed that class B motility was
lower than in other occupational groups (mean
class B motility = 20.26 ± 1.07 and mean class A
motility = 7.004 ± 0.56). The sperm morphology
of this group was also lower compared to other occupations,
but not significantly. Our results were
similar to those reported by Figà-Talamanca et al.
in a study in Italy on taxi drivers (
In this research, 47.4% of participants reported that they had a stressful working environment.
42.8% were exposed to heat during the work period,
similar to results reported by some previous
studies (
Taking into account that 97.1% of our participants were from urban areas and only 2.9% from rural areas, we must assume that there are two possible factors leading to this difference. First, those men who live in rural areas have less access to the Infertility Research Center to seek treatment; second, men who live and work in rural areas are not exposed to industrial hazards on the same level as men in urban areas and have fewer problems with infertility; and third, the rate of rural and urban population are a determining factor in the percentages of infertility.
In relation to our work categories, 394 people (30%) of our participants were clerical workers and 161 (13.8%) in retail jobs. There is little documentation concerning the hazards associated with these occupations and we did not find any clinically significant correlation between the work environment and infertility in these groups.
Some previous studies have well documented the
effects of chemical and toxic material on infertility
and the motility and morphology of sperm (
In this study, we have determined the prevalence of men who were referred to the Infertility Research Center in Tehran suffering from infertility and the association of infertility to either their jobs or related factors, and then established the prevalence of risk factors. This study could help to recognize hazardous jobs and factors (both chemical and physical) in association with infertility in men and can be referred to as a resource for other analytical studies concerning all factors influencing infertility.
Considering the importance of occupational exposure and its hazardous effects on fertility which numerous studies have confirmed, it seems necessary to conduct a thorough descriptive study about the occupational factors influencing infertility among men who have been registered in the Infertility Research Center. To do this, we have also utilized the contributions of colleagues in other cities and the Ministry of Health to find the prevalence of infertility among men related to various occupations. A study could be designed to evaluate the prevalence of infertility in high-risk professions. Analytical studies can also be drawn based on such analysis and the relevant factors [such as Pb (lead), heat, solvents] and cases can be studied. Workers' safety and commitment to the safety principles in the workplace can keep infertility factors at a minimum level. Safety principles and standards have not been granted real status in Iranian workplaces and many harmful exposures, which are not considered problematic under the current standard, could be avoided with more thorough regulation.
Our findings support the results of previous studies regarding the association between occupation and sperm motility, particularly in the transportation category in which sedentary work is a common hazard. Further research is necessary to evaluate the observed associations in this study.