Evaluation of Intrauterine Structural Pathology by Three-Dimensional Sonohysterography Using An Extended Imaging Method
Fatemeh
Zafarani
author
Firoozeh
Ahmadi
author
text
article
2013
eng
Structural intrauterine abnormalities are an important cause of infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss and bleeding or pain associated with a poor reproductive outcome. Various diagnostic methods have been applied to detect these lesions such as hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy and sonohysterography. More recently, three-dimensional extended imaging (3DXI) provides the ability to obtain sequential sections of acquired volume scans in A, B and C planes. Here, we briefly discuss the technique of saline infusion sonography, followed by a review of sonohysterographic characteristics of intracavitary pathologies with more focus on some definitions and measurements.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
1
6
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45162_e38db7a055a843e342a4e8f86b677964.pdf
Low Doses of Celecoxib Stimulate Human Endometrium Growth in A Three-Dimensional Culture Model
Neghin
Rezavand
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
author
Mozafar
Khazaei
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
author
Elham
Oliapanah
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
author
Hossein
Nikzad
Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
author
Mohammad Rasool
Khazaei
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: The endometrium plays a pivotal role in implantation and pregnancy. Cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) has an important function in biological processes such as cell proliferation and inflammation. Celecoxib is a selective inhibitor of COX-2 with numerous pharmacologic functions. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of celecoxib on the human endometrium in a three-dimensional (3D) culture model. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, normal human endometria (n=10) obtained from reproductive age women were cut into 1×1 mm sections. Endometrial explants were placed between two layers of fibrin gel. To create the fibrin gel, we poured a thin layer of fibrinogen solution [3 mg/ml in medium 199 (M199)] into each well of a 24-well culture dish and added thrombin enzyme. Endometrial fragments were placed in the center of each well and covered with a second layer of fibrinogen solution. M199 supplemented with L-glutamine, fetal bovine serum (FBS, 5%) and antibiotics were added to each well. The media in each experimental well contained either1, 10 or 50 μM of celecoxib. At the end of the study, we calculated endometrial tissue growth changes by scoring methods and determined the percentage of angiogenesis. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis method. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The growth scores were as follows: control (1.37 ± 0.16), 1 μM (1.96 ± 0.28), 10 μM (2.01 ± 0.25), and 50 μM (1.17 ± 0.14) celecoxib, all of which were significantly different. The angiogenesis percentages were: 25.56 ± 6.72% (control), 31.98 ± 6.18% (1 μM), 42.67 ± 7.27% (10 μM) and 23.44 ± 4.03% (50 μM), which were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion: Lower celecoxib concentrations had stimulatory effects on the growth of normal endometrium.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
7
12
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45163_8713752d6353fa1755bb75ac78f98c31.pdf
Effect of Progesterone Supplementation on Natural Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer Cycles: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Maryam
Eftekhar
Yazd Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
author
Mozhgan
Rahsepar
Yazd Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
author
Elham
Rahmani
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical
Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: The transfer of cryopreserved embryos can be timed with ovulation in a natural cycle or after artificially preparing the endometrium with exogenous hormones. Progesterone is essential for the secretory transformation of the endometrium that permits implantation as well as maintenance of early pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of luteal phase supplementation on pregnancy rates in natural frozen-thawed cycles. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a prospective randomized clinical trial of 102 women who underwent embryo transfers in natural cycles. The women in the interventional group (n=51) received intra muscular (IM) progesterone 50 mg twice a day starting from 36 hours after hCG administration. The control group (n=51) did not receive any progesterone support. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between the groups and no statistically significant differences were observed between study and control groups in clinical pregnancy rate (33.3% vs. 27.5%, p=0.66). There were no differences in implantation rate or spontaneous abortion rate. Conclusion: Our results suggest that luteal phase support does not affect clinical pregnancy rates in natural frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles (Registration Number: IRCT201108044339N6).
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
13
20
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45164_135555598d52731badf38c5ac60222e2.pdf
The Effects of Cell Phone Waves (900 MHz-GSM Band) on Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Rats
Masoud
Ghanbari
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares
University, Tehran, Iran
author
Seyed Bagher
Mortazavi
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares
University, Tehran, Iran
author
Ali
Khavanin
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares
University, Tehran, Iran
author
Mozafar
Khazaei
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,
Kermanshah, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: There is tremendous concern regarding the possible adverse effects of cell phone microwaves. Contradictory results, however, have been reported for the effects of these waves on the body. In the present study, the effect of cell phone microwaves on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity was investigated with regard to the duration of exposure and the frequency of these waves. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 28 adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The animals were randomly assigned to four groups (n=7): i. control; ii. two-week exposure to cell phone-simulated waves; iii. three-week exposure to cell phonesimulated waves; and iv. two-week exposure to cell phone antenna waves. In all groups, sperm analysis was performed based on standard methods and we determined the mean sperm total antioxidant capacity according to the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test using SPSS version 16 software. Results: The results indicated that sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity in all exposure groups decreased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Increasing the duration of exposure from 2 to 3 weeks caused a statistically significant decrease in sperm viability and motility (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to cell phone waves can decrease sperm viability and motility in rats. These waves can also decrease sperm total antioxidant capacity in rats and result in oxidative stress.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
21
28
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45165_5cecd7f7201e142dedb665853c75363e.pdf
Relationship between Endometrial Thickness and In Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome
Turgut
Aydin
Acibadem In Vitro Fertilization Center, Kayseri, Turkey
author
Mustafa
Kara
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bozok University Medical Faculty, Yozgat, Turkey
author
Turktekin
Nurettin
Kayseri In Vitro Fertilization Center, Kayseri, Turkey
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: This study assessed the relationship between endometrial thickness on day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and in vitro fertilizationintracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF-ICSI). Materials and Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 593 women. Patients were treated with either the agonist or antagonist protocol according to the clinician’s and patient’s preference. Endometrial thickness on the hCG day was measured by transvaginal ultrasonography (TV-USG). Patients were divided into four groups according to endometrial lines, as follows: 14 mm (group 4). Results: Implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), and ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) were significantly lower in group 1 than the other three groups (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference among groups 2, 3 and 4. Although the endometrial line in the agonist protocol was higher than in the antagonist protocol, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The chance of pregnancy appears to be lower in individuals with endometrial thickness less than 7 mm compared with those of higher value.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
29
34
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45166_73bbed6020da917f026241abeb3e5f27.pdf
Comparison of Expression of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Its Receptor Splice Variant 1 in Different Stages of Endometriosis
Qiming
Wang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
author
Yueyue
Wang
Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicare University, Xianyang, China
author
Xianhu
Fu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
author
Yong
Huang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: The present study aims to explore the significance of the expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptor splice variant 1 (GHRHSV1) in endometriosis (EM). Materials and Methods: In this research paper 80 EM patients who received treatment between March 2009 and September 2010 were selected, among which 20 were in stages I, II, III and IV respectively. 50 non-EM patients who underwent hysterectomy because of myoma during the same period comprised the control group. GHRH, GHRH-SV1 and their corresponding mRNA expression in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic tissue as well as ectopic endometrium were detected using immunohistochemical streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) and RT-PCR methods. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey Post Hoc test was used for data analysis and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: GHRH, GHRH-SV1 and their corresponding mRNA were expressed in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic tissue as well as ectopic endometrium. The mean optical density (OD) values of the GHRH and GHRH-SV1 expression in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (p < 0.05), and the relative intensity (RI) of GHRH mRNA and GHRH-SV1 mRNA expression in the experimental group was also significantly higher (p < 0.05). The mean OD values of the GHRH and GHRHSV1 expression showed significant differences among endometriotic tissue at different stages of EM (p < 0.05), and the RI of GHRH and GHRH-SV1 mRNA expression also showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: GHRH and GHRH-SV1 expression levels differ significantly at different stages of endometriosis.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
33
38
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45167_9e4e070de40a489b108660d3f65a938d.pdf
Application of Plasma Exchange in Patients with History of Unexplained Recurrent Abortion: A Case Series
Mohammad Ali
Roghaei
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
author
Farzane
Jamdar
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
author
Azadeh
Ghaheri
Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan
Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: Immune-mediated recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has received more attention than any other single etiologic classification. Individuals with rare blood group P have an antipp1pk antibody in their serum, which causes recurrent abortion in the early stages. Materials and Methods: In this case series study, 11 patients with unexplained RPL who had anti-P antibody in their serum were treated by plasma exchange during their next pregnancies. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, we monitored fetal development using ultrasonography and intensive prenatal care. All calculations were performed with the SPSS version 16. Results: All patients who were treated by plasma exchange progressed to live birth. The mean gestational age at the time of termination was 37.5 ± 0.69 weeks. The mean weight of the newborns was 2729.09 ± 389.88 g. None of the newborns required exchange transfusion. Conclusion: P-incompatibility is one rare but important cause of unexplained RPL and also a basis for therapeutic intervention via early antibody removal by plasma exchange.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
39
42
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45168_fab5996a3b0b14e131563ee3f7d61789.pdf
Adiponectin Effect on The Viability of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells and mRNA Expression of Adiponectin Receptors
Somayeh
Bohlouli
Department of Veterinary Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Mozafar
Khazaei
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
author
Masoud
Teshfam
Department of Veterinary Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
Hosein
Hassanpour
Department of Basic Sciences (Veterinary Physiology Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord
University, Shahrekord, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: Adiponectin is one of the most important adipokines secreted from fatty tissue that has a direct inhibitory effect on the development of cancer cells. Adiponectin plays an important role in human reproduction system and fertility of women. Adiponectin concentration decreases in women with endometriosis and endometrial cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of adiponectin on human endometrial stromal cell (HESC) viability as well as mRNA expression of Adipo R1 and Adipo R2 receptors. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, eight endometrial biopsies were taken and stromal cells were separated by enzymatic digestion and cell filtrations. Stromal cells of each biopsy were divided into four groups: control, 10, 100, and 200 ng/ml adiponectin concentrations. The effect of adiponectin on viability of the normal HESCs was studied by trypan blue staining and the relative expression levels of Adipo R1 and R2 were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and unpaired student’s t test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Adiponectin decreased viability of normal human endometrial stromal cells in a dose and time dependent manner. Expression of Adipo R1 and Adipo R2 receptors did not change in the presence of adiponectin. Conclusion: Adiponectin can directly influence the viability of HESCs and decrease their viability, but it didn’t change expression of adiponectin receptors.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
43
48
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45169_fd88f323d99bad59b9de4ea89d7c2d29.pdf
Effect of Purine Nucleoside Analogue-Acyclovir on The Sperm Parameters and Testosterone Production in Rats
Elham
Movahed
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
Rajabali
Sadrkhanlou
Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
Abbas
Ahmadi
Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
Vahid
Nejati
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
Zahra
Zamani
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: Acyclovir (ACV), a synthetic purine nucleoside analogue derived from guanosine, is known to be toxic to gonads and the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ACV on the sperm parameters and testosterone production in rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty adult male Wistar rats (220 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 for each group). One group served as control and one group served as sham control [distilled water was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected]. ACV was administered intraperitoneally in the drug treatment groups (4, 16 and 48 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Eighteen days after the last injection, rats were sacrificed by CO2 inhalation. After that, cauda epididymides were removed surgically. At the end, sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymis, sperm motility, morphology, viability, chromatin quality and DNA integrity were analyzed. Serum testosterone concentrations were determined. Results: The results showed that ACV did not affect sperm count, but decreased sperm motility and sperm viability at 16 and 48 mg/kg dose-levels. Sperm abnormalities increased at 48 mg/kg dose-level of ACV. Further, ACV significantly increases DNA damage at 16 and 48 mg/kg dose-levels and chromatin abnormality at all doses. Besides, a significant decrease in serum testosterone concentrations was observed at 16 and 48 mg/ kg doses. Conclusion: The present results highly support the idea that ACV induces testicular toxicity by adverse effects on the sperm parameters and serum level of testosterone in male rats.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
49
56
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45170_55652a953b3cd4d6cc7b48530a6b620a.pdf
The Effect of Oral Feeding of Tribulus terrestris L. on Sex Hormone and Gonadotropin Levels in Addicted Male Rats
Mohammad Hassan
Ghosian Moghaddam
Department of Biochemistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
author
Mohsen
Khalili
Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
author
Maryam
Maleki
Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
author
Mohammad Esmail
Ahmad Abadi
Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2013
eng
Background: Opioids can exert adverse effects on the body. Morphine, an opioid drug, reduces hormone levels and fertility, and causes sexual activity disorders. Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a traditional herbal medicine used to enhance sexual activities. This study investigates the possible role of TT on sex hormones and gonadotropins with the intent to show its usefulness in treating fertility disorders in opioid users. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we randomly divided 48 rats into four groups: i. control, ii. TT-treated, iii. addicted and iv. TT-treated addicted. Watersoluble morphine was administrated orally for 21 days to induce addiction, after which the treated groups 2 and 4 received plant-mixed pelleted food (6.25%) orally for four weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the sex hormone and gonadotropin levels of all rats’ sera were determined by radioimmunoassay and Elisa kits. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-hoc Tukey test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The addicted group had a significantly lower luteinizing hormone (LH) level than the control group (p < 0.027). LH levels increased significantly in the TT-treated addicted group (p < 0.031). The testosterone level in the treated addicted group was lower than the treated control group. The addicted group had a significantly low testosterone level (p < 0.001). The estrogen level was significantly (p < 0.002) lower in the addicted group than in the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the treated addicted group and the treated control group (p < 0.048). The treated control group had a significant increase in its progesterone level (p < 0.002). Overall, except for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), morphine reduced most of the gonadotropins and sexual hormones. Whereas TT caused a considerable increase (p < 0.05) in the hormones in the treated addicted group, there was only a slight increase in the treated control group. Conclusion: Oral consumption of TT could markedly antagonize the reduction of sex hormones and gonadotropins (except for FSH) due to morphine addiction.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
57
62
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45171_72df2d11e6c5e005728ea82aef16a140.pdf
Outcome of Subsequent Pregnancies in Familial Molar Pregnancy
Masoumeh
Fallahian
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Forough
Foroughi
Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Mohammad
Vasei
Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Shahrzad
Tavana
4Department of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA
author
Maryam
Ghanbary
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Maryam
Monajemzadeh
Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
author
Anahita
Tavana
4Department of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA
author
text
article
2013
eng
Familial recurrent molar pregnancy is an exceedingly rare condition, in which complete hydatidiform moles are mostly diploid but biparental in origin and the outcome of subsequent pregnancies is likely to be a hydatidiform mole or other type of reproductive loss. We previously reported a case of familial molar pregnancy (family K) comprising five affected members (four sisters and one of their cousins) each with at least one hydatidiform mole (HM). In addition to the molar pregnancies, these patients have a total of three miscarriages and 8 normal pregnancies leading to healthy children; but the youngest member of this family has given birth to a boy with Down syndrome. Our second family (case S) includes two sisters with diploid biparental complete moles. They have a total of six molar pregnancies with no living child. Recently the younger sister had a partial molar pregnancy with apparently normal XX fetus accompanying diffuse molar changes of the placenta that led to preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Overall, these families have had 26 pregnancies including 12 molar pregnancies (complete or partial) and three abortions. We concluded that these families are predisposed to various genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities and clinical manifestations, which affect their offspring. Further studies of patients are needed to determine any relationship between a history of familial molar pregnancy and trisomy or other chromosomal abnormalities in offspring and genetic mutations in the products of conception to complete the puzzle and manage familial molar pregnancy.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
63
66
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45172_4bd00d178c587528360c820c1937bce9.pdf
Report on First Iranian International Conference on Women’s Health Held June 14-15, 2012 in Shiraz, Iran
Najmeh
Maharlouei
author
Seyed Mehdi
Ahmadi
author
Kamran B.
Lankarani
author
text
article
2013
eng
Women’s health is increasing identified as a global health priority. Women’s health is affected by many factors, such as the economy, environment, society, culture, religion, and biology. For this reason, the Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz, Iran decided to hold The First Iranian International Conference on Women’s Health. The aim of this conference was to provide up-to-date information on different aspects of women’s health, including healthy aging, non-communicable and communicable diseases, psycho-social aspects, health promotion, reproductive health, and nutrition. Finally, the attending specialists and experts provided recommendations to be put into practice which reinforced the recommendations for additional clinical preventive services for women, mobilizing health professionals within practice, education, and research to address the national health goals, encouraging the adoption of ongoing evidence-based prevention guidelines, gender-sensitive, and culturally appropriate, persuading all stakeholders to harmonize their endeavors on women’s health, changing the viewpoint to the women as a workforce alliance as with like men, along with considering the major role of women as the basis of the family, and improving the coverage, accessibility, and quality of women-oriented health services.
International Journal of Fertility and Sterility
Royan Institute, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR)
2008-076X
7
v.
1
no.
2013
67
70
https://www.ijfs.ir/article_45173_c3c572c925e4e189e52ea669ac573016.pdf